IMF

increasing debts

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Brazil increased its GDP fourfold between 1960 and 1980, but found that her debt was far greater at the end of this period than it was at the beginning...

selling off grain reserves

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In 1998 and 1999, the Malawi government initiated a program to give each smallholder family a “starter pack” of free fertilizers and seeds. This followed several years of successful experimentation in which the packs were provided only to the poorest families. The result was a national surplus of corn...

growth halves under IMF reforms

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All over Latin America, there is disillusionment with the policies that the United States and the IMF had pushed. Growth under liberalisation is just over half of what it was under the old pre-reform regime... Unemployment is up 3 percentage points; poverty... is up even as a percentage of the population. Where growth has occurred, the benefits have accrued to those at the upper part of the income distribution.

structural adjustment

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Between 1980 and 1989 some thirty-three African countries received 241 structural adjustment loans. During that same period, average GDP per capita in those countries fell 1.1% per year, whilst per capita food production also experienced steady decline. The real value of the minimum wage dropped by over 25%, government expenditure on education fell from $11 billion to $7 billion and primary school enrolments dropped from 80% in 1980 to 69% in 1990. The number of poor people in these countries rose from 184 million in 1985 to 216 million in 1990, an increase of 17%.

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expert advice from the IMF

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the statistics [in Russia] were sobering: with efficient capitalism replacing moribund and decadent communism, output was supposed to soar. In fact GDP declined 40 % and poverty increased tenfold. And the results were similar in the other economies making the transition who followed the advice of the US Treasury and the IMP.

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